The Application of Vinay and Darbelnet Model to English and Urdu Translations of Surah Ad-Duha: A Comparative Study

This study aims to analyze the linguistic features of three translated versions of Surah Ad Duha with the help of Vinay and Darbelnet's translation theory.The analysis is based on the seven translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet, which include transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, borrowing, literal translation, and oblique translation.The study examines the translators approach which reveals the original linguistic and cultural choices made by the translators to convey the intended message. The study provides tactics of understanding and translating religious texts keeping in consideration the differences in linguistic and cultural features, the use of rhetorical devices, sentence structures, and word choices, and how they contribute to the overall meaning and message of religious textsfor distinct audience. The findings of this research can be used to enhance the understanding of the linguistic and literary aspects of the Qur'an, as well as provide insights into the translation of religious texts.


INTRODUCTION
The Holy Quran is a central text of Islam, and it serves as a guide for religious beliefs and practices.The Quran contains various surahs, or chapters, that are composed of verses that guide a range of topicssuch as faith, ethics, and social issues (Abu Quba& Al Qatawna, 2023).Surah Ad Duha, also known as "The Morning Brightness," is one of the chapters of the Qur'an that has received significant attention due to its spiritual significance and literary beauty.The surah is believed tohave been revealed to the Prophet Muhammad Peace be upon him (PBUH) during a period of difficultyand uncertainty in his life and, therefore, it is considered as a message of hope and encouragement forMuslims (Islamic Content, 2021).
Translation can be defined as the process of rendering a text or speech from one language into another language, while maintaining its meaning and essence (Baker, 2018).According to Baker, translation is a complex activity that involves not only linguistic knowledge but also cultural awareness, creative skills, and critical thinking.It requires the translator to analyze the source text and identify its underlying message, and then to recreate it in a way that is appropriate and effective for the target audience.It is a complex and challenging process, particularly when it comes to works of literature that carry cultural and historical significance.Through this study, we seek to shed light on the ways in which translation can shape the interpretation and understanding of literary works.

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of translations of Surah Ad-Duha, the differences in linguistic and cultural features, the use of rhetorical devices, sentence structures, and word choices, and how they contribute to the overall meaning and message of religious texts for distinct audience.identifyingthe categorization of Vinay and Darbelnet"s model.Although the translators utilized several translation models, the researcher only took Vinay and Darbelnet's Model's tactics and processes into consideration to understand the use of strategies in conveying the divine meaning of Surah Ad-Duhaa to a different cultural and linguistic audience.

Linguistic and Cultural Differences:
 There are many differences between linguistic and cultural features of Urdu and English translations.Urdu text in written in Perso-Arabic script and English is written in Latin script.Urdu script follows the sentence structure Subject + Object + Verb (SOV) order, whereas English follows Subject + Verb + Object (SVO) order.This structural difference impacts the flow and rhythm of the text. The use of oaths and declarations, such as ‫ہے"‬ ‫"قطن‬ in Urdu, doesn"t have direct equivalent in English.Translators use phrases like "By the morning brightness" and by the night when it is stillest, to capture the essence.
 Addressing God in Urdu, notably using ‫رة‬ , reflects a cultural closeness challenging to convey in English.Ethical principles, like safeguarding orphans and welcoming petitioners, hold universal value, yet their resonance varies culturally, underscoring the need for cultural sensitivity.Expressing gratitude, exemplified in "reporting the favor of the Lord," is culturally nuanced, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging diverse cultural expressions of thankfulness.

Rhetoric Devices:
In Ad-Dhuhaa 93:1-11, Muhammad Junagarhi's Urdu rendition employs powerful rhetorical devices to convey the message.The repetition of the oath ‫ہے"‬ ‫"قطن‬ at the start of first and second verse creates a rhythmic and emphatic tone, underscoring the significance of the morning and night.Additionally, the use of poignant questions like " ‫ک‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ججھے‬ ‫نے‬ ‫اش‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ن‬ ‫نہ‬ ‫جگہ‬ ‫کر‬ ‫پب‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ں‬ ‫د‬ ‫ی‬ " (Did He not find you an orphan and give [you] refuge?) employs the rhetorical device of interrogation, evoking reflection and contemplation.The contrasts between the speaker's past vulnerability and the promised future prosperity serve as a powerful anadiplosis, emphasizing the transformative journey.Such rhetorical nuances contribute to the emotional resonance and persuasive impact of the religious text.The literal meaning of the phrase is "And the forenoon" but the use of ‫و‬ before ‫ي‬ َ ‫ُّح‬ ‫ٱلض‬creats an oath, which puts emphasis on the time of morning hours.Pickthall is his translation uses style of Archaic English such as "thee, thy, thou, hath" etc.These terms are no longer common in Modern English and are used to create poetic rhythm in a phrase, classical tone and evoke a sense of formality.

Saheeh International: By the morning brightness
This phrase is translated by Oblique method.The literal translation of ‫ي‬ َ ‫ُّح‬ ‫ٱلض‬ َ ‫و‬ is "forenoon" but Saheeh International modulates the translation to "By the morning brightness.This modulation not only conveys the time of the day but also the brightness, clarity and radiance of the morning hours.

MulanaMuhmmadJunagarhi: ‫ک‬ ‫وقث‬ ‫کے‬ ‫چبشث‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫قطن‬ ‫ی‬
This verse is translated by Direct method Literal translation involves rendering phrases exactly as they appear in the original text.َ ‫و‬ here employs taking an oath.‫ہے‬ ‫قطن‬ in Urdu context corresponds to taking an oath.‫ي‬ َ ‫ُّح‬ ‫ٱلض‬ ََ means forenoon and so is the ‫کی‬ ‫وقث‬ ‫کے‬ ‫چبشث‬ in Urdu translation.

ٰ ِ ‫ل‬ ۡ
‫ي‬ َّ ‫ٱل‬ َ ‫و‬ ٰ ٰ ًَ ‫َج‬ ‫اٰس‬ َ ‫ذ‬ ِ ‫إ‬ Pickthall: And by the night when it is stillest, The verse is translated by using Direct Method.Pickthall"s translation follows literal approach for translation of this verse.Each word from Arabic verse is translated word to word in same order following the norms of literal approach.ِ ‫ل‬ ‫یۡ‬ َّ ‫ٱل‬ َ ‫و‬ means "And by the night" and ‫ي‬ َ ‫ج‬ َ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ َ ‫ر‬ ِ ‫إ‬ means when it is stillest.

Saheeh International: And [by] the night when it covers with darkness,
The verse is translated by Oblique method.
There are instances of equivalence in the translation.‫ي‬ َ ‫ج‬ َ ‫ض‬ ‫ا‬ َ ‫ر‬ ِ ‫إ‬ ِ ‫ل‬ ‫یۡ‬ َّ ‫ٱل‬ َ ‫و‬ literally means "And by the night when it covers" but in the translation it is translated to its equivalent text to create an emphasis and clarity of the intended message.
‫ک‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫قطن‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ی‬ the oath maintains the structure of the phrase.Also the translation follows literal approach as there is word to word translation of original text in the Urdu translation.

ٰ ً َ ‫ل‬ َ ‫اٰق‬ َ
‫م‬ َ ‫ٰو‬ ‫ُّلَ‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫ٰر‬ ‫َلَ‬ ‫َّع‬ ‫د‬ َ ‫اٰو‬ َ ‫م‬ Pickthall: Thy Lord hath not forsaken thee nor doth He hate thee, This verse is translated by Direct method.The translation although carries the intended meaning but holds no strict calque in the translation.And also the whole is not translated in literal context but it is applied on some words and phrases.For example, ‫ي‬ َ ‫َل‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫ه‬ َ ‫و‬is literally translated as "nor He is displeased" and by Pickthall "nor doth He hate thee".

Saheeh International: Your Lord has not taken leave of you, [O Muḥammad], nor has He detested [you]
The verse is translated by Oblique method.The translator modulated the translation by using Modulation.The method used by Pickthall in translating the verse is Direct Method.Calque is the word-to-word literal translation.This phrase involves calque as it mirrors the linguistic structure and arrangement of Arabic verse with the slight change in vocabulary to enhance the meaning of the verse.

Saheeh International: And the Hereafter is better for you than the first [life].
The translation by Saheeh international is Oblique.Adaptation: The Translation uses the phrase "And the Hereafter is better for you than the first (life)."Adapting and arranging the expression to create a comprehensive and significant translation for readers.Equivalence: The translation aims to convey the similar meaning as the Arabic text by capturing the intent, essence, purpose of the original text and language clarity.The word-to-word translation may not effectively explain the intended meaning in the target text.

Maulana Muhammad Junagarhi:
‫ی‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ی‬ ‫نب‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ی‬ ‫رے‬ ‫ہوگ‬ ‫ثہحر‬ ‫ضے‬ ‫آغبز‬ ‫انجبم‬ ‫لئے‬ The method used by Junagarhi is Direct Method.Calque: The translation above is considered as a calque because the structure of the original verse is maintained in the Urdu translation.Also each word in the source text is directly translated into its equivalent in the target text.
By the morning hoursThis phrase id translated by Direct method.
‫ُّلَ‬ ‫ث‬ َ ‫ر‬ ‫َلَ‬ ‫َّع‬ ‫د‬ َ‫و‬ ‫ب‬ َ ‫ه‬ in literal context means "your Lord has not forsaken you" and Saheeh International translation is "Your Lord has not taken leave of you" which is more promising to Arabic phrase and supportive tone.The translator also employed Equivalence to support the intended idea.The original phrase doesn"t mention Prophet Muhammad but Saheeh International use the phrase [ O Muhammad] to maintain overall coherence and balance of the translation.MaulanaJunagarhi implied borrowing in this verse, where the word ‫رة‬ in Urdu Translation has been borrowed from the Arabic word ‫ُّلَ‬ ‫ث‬ َ ‫ر‬ which means Lord.This borrowing shows resonance of Urdu with Arabic language.And verily the latter portion will be better for thee than the former, ٰ ً َ ‫ول‬ ُ ۡ ‫ٰٱۡل‬ ‫نَ‬ ‫ٰمِ‬ ‫لَ‬ َّ ‫ٰل‬ ‫رٞ‬ ۡ ‫ي‬ َ ‫ٰخ‬ ُ ‫ة‬ َ ‫ر‬ ‫خِ‬ ٓ ۡ ‫ۡل‬ َ ‫ل‬ َ ‫و‬ Pickthall: